Adhesive capsulitis, also known as frozen shoulder, is a condition in which inflammation within the capsule of the glenohumeral joint leads to its contracture and, with that, significant loss of motion and pain. Primary adhesive capsulitis describes the idiopathic presentation of these symptoms, while secondary adhesive capsulitis appears because of trauma, infection or other medical conditions such as diabetes or hypothyroidism. The painful phase of adhesive capsulitis usually resolves after a period of months, though some residual loss of motion remains even after the pain abates. Histologically, adhesive capsulitis is characterized by fibroblastic proliferation of the coracohumeral ligament and rotator interval, though very few cases progress to the point that a biopsy would be performed. Thus, adhesive capsulitis is usually a diagnosis of exclusion: it is the diagnosis applied to shoulder pain and lost motion where no other cause can be found.
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